Gabriels Creative Process - Literature Essay Samples

God’s Apostles Bring Redemption In Every Life. Shame, blame, all the same. Good Artists Breathe Reality Into Existence, Lies. Shame, blame, all the same. This is Gabriel’s creative process. Gabriel’s creative process is one that dwells in shame, blame, and his inability to release the weight of his sins. In â€Å"The Creative Process†, Baldwin argues the importance of artists being vulnerable to themselves. For an artist to achieve this vulnerability, Baldwin explains that the artist must understand himself and the kind of person he wants to be, thus, the kind of impact he wants to make in the world. In Go Tell It On The Mountain, Baldwin’s character Gabriel is a preacher whose calling as a born-again Christian was sparked by a dream he had, where God promised him a son that would eternally dedicate his life to God. This dream controls the rest of Gabriel’s life, causing him to shame anyone who sins, but fails to hold himself accountable for the sins he has committed. Per Baldwin’s view on vulnerability, Gabriel’s character demonstrates what can happen to a person if they do not allow themselves to be vulnerable. Using the frame work Baldwin provides in â€Å"The Creative Process,† a character analysis of Gabriel reveals that his destructive behavior is not rooted in his lack of understanding of himself, but because of his lack of self-acceptance. Baldwin takes a closer look at artists as individuals in â€Å"The Creative Process† to create an understanding that artists find their purpose through seeking out aspects of life that others are unwilling to expose, and by doing this, artists make society a little bit more liveable. In â€Å"The Creative Process†, Baldwin discusses the personal process an artist must go through for their art to change the world. He says, â€Å"The role of the artist, then, precisely, is to illuminate that darkness, blaze roads through that vast forest; so that we will not, in all our doing, lose sight of its purpose, which is, after all, to make the world a more human dwelling place† (669). The â€Å"darkness† that Baldwin refers to is the depths of an individual that someone can only find in solitude, and because of this, is often an untapped piece of the individual’s soul. Artists must be exposers of things that lie in the dark, people, places, or ideas that are undiscovered because the non-artist is too afraid to uncover them. By doing this, they make more space for people to express their flaws and create a more fitting environment for â€Å"humans† than we have now. Gabriel, from Baldwin’s Go Tell It On The Mountain, is a preacher, which makes him, arguably, an artist; the purpose of preaching is based off of a written work, The Bible,–which can be viewed as a type of art– but preaching is also incredibly performative, which in itself is an art form. Gabriel is keen on shining a light on the sins of people around him, but instead of revealing sins to provide guidance on how to be better humans, thus fostering a community that would promote Baldwin’s definition of an artist’s role, Gabriel holds these sins against those who have committed them. Gabriel’s use and exploitation of women’s bodies proves this. Every woman in Gabriel’s life, including his two wives Deborah, then lat er Elizabeth, his mistress, Esther, and the hooker he sleeps with prior to his revelation to be a â€Å"holy† man, is taken advantage of and used by Gabriel for his personal gain, only to then be shamed by him after the fact. His need to control every woman in his life connects with his ignorance of his abusive and controlling behavior. In doing this, he actually make the world less â€Å"human dwelling†, because he isn’t allowing people to be human. Gabriel fails to ever hold himself to the same level of accountability as he does with everyone else, and in turn makes the world more liveable for him, but not for others. Baldwin proposes that creating a more human world begins with coming to terms with an individual’s self; Gabriel’s character, though he does identify as a sinner, continues to damage himself and other. In â€Å"The Creative Process†, Baldwin says, â€Å"We do the things we do, and feel what we feel, essentially because we must– we are responsible for our actions, but we rarely understand them†¦if we understood ourselves better, we would damage ourselves less† (671). Baldwin’s description of humans doing and feeling things â€Å"because we must† implies that there is a lack of control that humans have when acting on something or expressing a feeling. Therefore, Gabriel, who demands control at all times, struggles to cope with his own feelings and actions and thus, damages himself. Understanding oneself â€Å"better† is relative, and it is unclear how much â€Å"better† Baldwin suggests one should understand himself to not damage himself. In Gabriel’s case, there are multiple times in the text that prove that he understands himself very well, but still damages himself and others for his/their â€Å"sins†. Following his affair with Esther, Gabriel becomes tormented by his failure to keep to his standard of following in the steps of the Lord. He describes that each church he enters, he feels the weight of his sins hanging over him. However, instead of taking the steps necessary to heal himself of these sins outside of the context of God– he knows he has a son out there and he feels a connection and innate desire to care for him, but knows that it isn’t Godly to do so because the child is a bastard– he turns to the congregation, and finds sinfulness and ungodliness in all of them. He does this to compensate for his sins; finding that his whole congregation has fallen makes him less guilty for what he has done. This does not mean he has a lack of understanding of hi mself, but it is an indication that he uses other people’s sins to justify and absolve his own as a way of coping with his overall lack of control that he feels within himself. As a result, Gabriel ends up in a cycle of damaging himself and others, by not allowing himself to be vulnerable with himself or with others. Gabriel’s inability to be vulnerable with himself damages him because it prevents him from accepting himself. To cope with his sins, Gabriel prays to God for repentance, but he continues to sin more. He tends to pass off the sins he has committed as just him going off course from God, but the real reason why he does this is because he does not want to discover the root of his sins. Baldwin talks about self-acceptance of the artist as necessary and a way to cope with the forces that work against him in â€Å"The Creative Process† when he says, â€Å"All we can do is learn to live with them. And we cannot learn this unless we are willing to tell the truth about ourselves and the truth about us is always at variance with what we wish to be. The human effort is to bring these two realities into a relationship resembling reconciliation† (671). According to Baldwin, â€Å"Telling the truth about ourselves† is a way to â€Å"understand† ourselves. Gabrielà ¢â‚¬â„¢s root of his sins is his inability to accept himself and accept other people as they are. Gabriel’s habit of engaging with women who are not â€Å"saved†, and him trying to â€Å"save† them is what he thinks is his version of a â€Å"Get Out of Jail Free† card. He takes people on as projects to prove himself as a man of God, when in reality, he evades taking responsibility for his role in their sins. He is always trying to change people so that they can become who he wants them to be, but never takes a hard-enough look at himself to realize that he needs to change to truly be forgiven for his sins. Baldwin’s use of the word â€Å"reconciliation† is relevant in the context of Gabriel’s life, because as a preacher, his purpose is to be the provider of reconciliation for the congregation and their faith. Gabriel literally does not practice what he preaches when he refuses to accept people, and himself, for their mistakes. In this way, being a man of faith is the force that works against him. Instead of being an outlet for Gabriel and a place where he can feel accepted, his faith makes him feel patronized. Gabriel does not learn to live with this forces, because rather than working on becoming a better Christian, he becomes defensive and blames others for his actions. If Gabriel told the truth about himself, he would be able to accept himself because he would recognize his faults and take responsibility for them. Baldwin’s suggestion that a person’s truth reflects the person they want to be is interesting, because this means Gabriel may not know the truth about himself because he does not know the person who he wants to be. Furthermore, if Gabriel fears the truth about himself, then this may be an indication that he is also fearful of the person he wants to be. Though the torment Gabriel experiences because of his sins is an indication that he does understand himself because he recognizes his w rongdoings, he doesn’t allow this understanding to manifest into acceptance, because he spends so much of his time making sure other people are â€Å"saved†. Gabriel often uses other people to lash out on when he feels the weight of guilt for sins he has committed, because his lack of acceptance for himself bleeds into his relationships, leading him to fail to accept others. This overall inability to accept and tolerate the people in his life is what causes Gabriel to damage them the most. He often uses their sins as way to shame them, not necessarily because he wants them to repent and be â€Å"saved†, but because by illuminating the faults of others, he feels absolved for his own sins. When thinking about Gabriel and his wife Elizabeth’s son, Roy, Gabriel deduces that Roy’s refusal to connect with God and the church stems from Elizabeth’s sin of having her first child, John, out of wedlock. Although, Gabriel also has a bastard child who, unlike Elizabeth, he did not have any part of in his short life. What is ironic, is that Gabriel did not even consider that it was his sins that caused Roy’s misbehavi or and rebellion. He does this because, like how he does not accept himself for his sins, he does not accept Elizabeth for hers. Elizabeth feels no shame for having John out of wedlock, but Gabriel is not understanding of this, though he somehow is understanding of the sin he had committed, because he is convinced he has been forgiven for them by God because he married Elizabeth regardless of her bastard child. Gabriel sees himself as completely absolved of sin, but sees Elizabeth’s sin as what is preventing their son from wanting to follow in his footsteps to lead a life in the church. Gabriel’s inability to not let go of other people’s sins is why he is so damaging to the people in his life. He uses his relationships as ways for him to feel like he is in control of others. Gabriel is very often unable to control himself, and things that happen in his life, such as the death of his first son and the racism that he is surrounded with, so his sole comfort comes f rom his relationship with God, when he fails at this relationship by sinning on his own, that is when he attacks others. Gabriel anchors his guilt and resentment toward himself in controlling other people, seemingly because he is bitter, but it is actually because these people are reminders of his sins. The people who he tries to control the most are the ones who have control over him, because they are the ones who have tempted him into sinning, such as many of the women in his life, or are results of his sins, such as his sons. Gabriel refuses to acknowledge that these people play a role of control in his life, because this would mean that he is a weak man. But, it is clear that Gabriel does not want to form any kind of relationship with these people that would involve him acting weak or vulnerable with them. At the end of the chapter, â€Å"Gabriel’s Prayer†, John and Gabriel exchange looks, while John is attempting to pray, and Gabriel is secretly hoping that John is not â€Å"saved†. Gabriel does not want John to be â€Å"saved† when his own son(s) are not, another examp le of his failure to accept others. In the scene, Gabriel sees that John is staring at him, and recognizes the look in his eyes and registers it as a look he’s seen before. It seems that the â€Å"other eyes† Gabriel is remembering are those that belong to people who have brought out the worst in Gabriel, those that have accused him of being a source of oppression and have bore the brunt of his guilt. This is why Gabriel blames everyone for his problems and fails to face his sins as his own, he simply points the finger right back at those who do it to him. In â€Å"The Creative Process,† Baldwin talks about the necessity of an artist being alone because it is a way for the individual to explore himself and to discover things about being human. Baldwin writes, â€Å"The aloneness of which I speak is much more like the aloneness of birth or death. It is like the fearful aloneness which one sees in the eyes of someone who is suffering, whom we cannot help† ( 669). Gabriel is never alone. He never allows himself to be alone, even when he is physically, he sees himself with God, and so he never experiences this kind of â€Å"fearful† aloneness that Baldwin says is needed to uncover the dark parts of ourselves. Contrarily, when Gabriel looks at the people who he blames for his sins, he feels alone. John says he sees â€Å"the bottom of Gabriel’s soul† in the moment where they are staring at each other, which proves that when people use these eyes on Gabriel, they catch him in a moment of vulnerability and it forces him to expose a weak part of himself to others. He can’t even look at this weak part of himself when he is alone, let alone around other people. Gabriel feels alone when he looks at these people because he knows they blame him for pushing his resentment and guilt onto them, or for not taking responsibility for his actions that have affected them. Again, Gabriel understands this but doesn’t want to accept it, which is why he continues to have the same problems come up repeatedly. Connecting Baldwin’s â€Å"The Creative Process† and his character Gabriel together to understand the depths of the â€Å"true† self help us understand that it takes courage to reach these depths. Being frightfully alone and shining the light in the darkness of his own darkness is what Gabriel could never do, but through his cowardice the people around him find strength. Roy rebels against his father, John gets â€Å"saved†, and the women in Gabriel’s life live unapologetically with their conditions and sins. It is through Gabriel’s failures that these people illuminate the darkness inside of them. Though Baldwin’s statement is profound in that it encourages self-analysis and coming clean to oneself to help him heal, Gabriel’s story shows that through other’s ignorance of themselves, one can find this same healing.

Solving Ethical Dilemmas Essay - 1501 Words

An ethical dilemma is defined as a complex situation that will often involve an apparent mental conflict between moral imperatives in which to obey one would result in transgressing another . When individuals are faced with an ethical question, we tend to search for a â€Å"correct answer† when responding. However, these types of questions do not always seem to have a straightforward answer. The arguments which may arise from an ethical dilemma question are typically examined in two ways: whether people are being consistent in their judgment and whether the alleged facts on which those judgments are based are truth. In this essay, the ethical dilemma being presented is as followed: A man cheats on his wife early in their marriage. Twenty years†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, it is most similar to what Aristotle would resolve because neither extreme—the marriage completely ending or the man continuing to keep the secret—is being chosen. Instead, a balan ce between the two extremes has been found. This balance would be the couple receiving counseling and the man being relieved of his guilt. Philosopher Spinozas ethics are slightly different from those of Aristotle. Much like the stoics—individuals who believed that destructive emotions resulted from errors in judgment, and that a sage person of moral and intellectual perfection, would not suffer such emotions —Spinoza believed all things are logically determined. To clarify further, since each mans particular essence is directly tied to his fate—the time and place of his existence—ethical standards cannot be absolute. Rather, they are relative to the individuals mind and body or his/her culture. In addition to those, Spinoza thought that happiness comes from understanding limits and accepting a determined fate within a universal scheme. Spinozas philosophies are similar to the modern beliefs held by many societies today. Based on Spinozas viewpoint of eth ic relativity, his answer to the above moral dilemma would be that the men not tell his wife. The infidelity occurred twenty years before, which means the mans values towards the importance of marriage and honesty were almost non-existentShow MoreRelatedSolving Ethical Dilemmas1611 Words   |  7 PagesSolving Ethical Dilemmas in the Accounting Profession LaKeesha Lawler ACC/260 January 14, 2011 Dan Jensen Solving Ethical Dilemmas in the Accounting Profession The Dilemma of an Accountant Baker Greenleaf was one of the Big Eight accounting firms. Daniel Potter was a highly ethical accountant that placed a lot of value on integrity. He was hired to work as an accountant for the firm. Baker like many other firms was faced with a dilemma that tested the firm’s ethical standingsRead MoreDuty to Warn Essays1522 Words   |  7 PagesDuty to Warn Jessica Hall PSYCH/545 09/4/2011 Dr. P. Duty to Warn The ethical dilemma I wish to explore is The Duty to Warn. 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Analysis Of Michael Chorost s My Bionic Quest For Bolero

God creates every day and every day is a miracle. The New Oxford Dictionary defines a miracle as, â€Å"a surprising and welcome event that is not explicable by natural or scientific laws and is, therefore, considered to be the work of a divine agency.† Everything that is experienced from morning until night is a miracle. Though these marvels are amazing, they are taken for granted. Things like listening to music, walking, talking, smelling, and living are all Gods miracles and are all taken for granted. All these gifts from God are forgotten or regarded as a given like they will always be there, they will never go away. But what happens when they aren t there? For some people, that’s called every day. In Michael Chorost’s â€Å"My Bionic Quest for Bolà ©ro† revealed that Chorost could not listen to music, let alone take it for granted. There are many others who have a similar or the same obstacle, as in they do not have one or more of their five sens es. This can make daily living difficult and unenjoyable. Making regular activities or participation in everyday life impossible. Further research should be invested in helping people revel in the joy of everyday miracles. When taking part in a seemingly uncomplicated task for the first time and being quote on quote normal with normal experiences, even something wonderfully mundane can bring immense joy. New abilities bring new experiences and outlooks, they open endless possibilities. In Michael Chorost’s article, â€Å"My Bionic

Organic Chemistry Essay Example For Students

Organic Chemistry Essay Chemistry has been called the science of what things are. Its intent is the exploration of the nature of the materials that fabricate our physical environment, why they hold the different properties that depict them, how their atomic structure may be fathomed, and how they may be manipulated and changed. Although organic reactions have been conducted by man since the discovery of fire, the science of Organic chemistry did not develop until the turn of the eighteenth century, mainly in France at first, then in Germany, later on in England. By far the largest variety of materials that bombard us are made up of organic elements. The beginning of the Ninetieth century was also the dawn of chemistry, all organic substances were understood as all being materials produced by living organisms: wood, bone, cloth, food, medicines, and the complex substances that configure the human body. Inorganic material was believed to come from the Earth: salt, metals, and rock, just to name a few. Because of the humans wonder of natural life, organic materials were believed to possess an enigmatic Vital Force. Thus organic chemistry was separated from inorganic chemistry, and it became its own field of science. By the turn of the Nineteenth the Vital Force theory was immensely discredited, but this branch of science still stayed separated from inorganic chemistry. Back when Organic chemistry was the chemistry of living matter, Professor Wohler succeeded in synthesizing in the laboratory an organic compound previously observed in living tissue as Urea. Professor Wohler made this organic compound from non-living chemical substance, Ammonium Cyanate. He evaporated a solution of Ammonium Cyanate to produce Urea. Thus rendering the Vital Force theory to be with flaws. Other famous experiments proved the vitalism theory was wrong. In 1845 Kolbe synthesized acetic acid, the chief component in vinegar, in a flow of reactions starting with Carbon, the experiment is demonstrated better defined since acetic acid (C6H4O2) is a carbon-carbon bond. The theory of vitalism, like many other scientific theories, disappeared slowly under the weight of accumulated evidence rather than as a consequence of any one brilliant and enlightening experiment. Structural theory, which developed in the 1860s, sta rted the second major period of growth in the organic chemistry field. The development of a detailed picture, by using pure reasoning of both atomic organization and the shapes of molecules stands as a great milestone of the development of human intellect. At almost the same point in time, Kekule in Germany, and Couper of Scotland suggested that atoms in molecules are fused together by bonds. Their theory was that every atom is distinguished by having the same number of bond availability or valence number, where ever that particular atom appears in any compound. The main notability of organic compounds is having strong carbon to carbon bonds. This was recognized in the theory, and was used to help understand large molecules, possessing many bonded carbon atoms. Carbon is the cement that holds their molecules together. So far, this theory has gone through rigorous testing, and has not been proven inadequate to this day, as of now it is a law. Kekule and Coupers theory was not all wit hout fault; it is suprising that they did not recognize atoms as three-dimensional objects if they were to be understood as true particles of matter in space. It was not until 1875 when vant Hoff and LeBel proposed their hypothesis of compounds and atoms taking up space. Their hypothesis went as follows: Four bonds of carbon were located at equal angles to each other in space, this would be a rectangular tetrahedron. Immense amounts of proof have been supplied to support this theory, but is not universally accepted. It is believed today that this hypothesis is pure nonsense, proving that vant Hoff and LeBel were misdirected. It goes to show science is not always a constant law, theories, and even laws can be proved wrong. This Hypothesis was no exception; science can adapt to the world around it.After all, the mission statement of science is the attempt to understand the world around you, and without change there is no growth. The structural theory is not only a focal point of organ ic chemistry, but an amazingly simple idea. It states that by grasping that each carbon atom to form four bonds, tetrahedrally arranged in space, we are able to map the architecture of even the most complex molecules. Hence, even though the molecules are too minuscule to be seen in most powerful, cutting edge, electron microscopes. Scientists are still able to possess a clear understanding of how a molecule is constructed. Although the atoms may have minor different physical characteristics than scientists expected such as, carbon atom being an elliptical shape, or the bonds may not line up in a compound as neatly as we envisioned them. Nevertheless, the truth of their basic physical architectural hypothesis has been substantiated literally millions of times by successful outcome of prediction. The power of the theory is demonstrated by the statement that there has been no chemical observation that cannot be basically understood by structural theory. Finally, although structural log ic is extremely rigorous, it involves no mathematics. Unlike most sciences of equal complexity, much of organic chemistry is conducted without the use of formal math beyond elementary levels. The third and presently used theory in the history of organic chemistry ends with the description of chemical bonds as electron pairs, Lewis came up with this in 1917. Although a great amount of chemical reactions were already known and in active use to synthesize organic compounds into other compounds, only with this understanding of the nature of a chemical bond did a clear reason of the nature an mechanism of chemical reactions begin to appear. This will be clear when one realizes that the transformation of one molecule to another, a chemical reaction, requires the breaking of some bonds and the making of others. This process could not be understood until one knew what a bond is. Thus if the nineteenth century was devoted to unraveling the fixed structures of molecules, the twentieth century will be devoted to the study of their transformations. .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f , .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f .postImageUrl , .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f , .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f:hover , .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f:visited , .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f:active { border:0!important; } .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f:active , .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u92d9799ffac04c0e34eef99361dcad1f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fear and loathing in las vegas Essay The study of science and more specifically the study of organic chemistry is an on going affair. In the scientific community one never rests, there is a continual stream of experimentation and the desire to explore new realms. The cutting edge in science is grounded in the medical field. How can we manipulate genetic codes the building blocks of life? The things we have learned over the years are allowing us to build those bridges to the future, a future that might see an improvement in the human condition by way of organic chemistry. Search Bibliography1. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. 14 December 1999. 2. Adams, Johnson, and Wilcox C. Laboratory Experiments in Organic Chemistry.London: The Macmillen Company Ltd., 1970. 3. Sharma, Amit. Re: Chemistry. E-mail to Jeffrey Schaufeld-emailprotected13 December 1999.4. Bordwell, F.G. Organic Chemistry. New York: The Macmillen Company, 1963. 5. Burgoyne, Edward E. A Short Coarse in Organic Chemistry. New York: The McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1979. 6. Carey, F. A. Organic Chemistry. New York: The McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1986. 7. Cram, and Hammond G. Organic Chemistry: 2nd Edition.New York: The McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1964. 8. Department of Organic Chemistry. University of Nigmegen, Germany. 12 December 1999 http://www-sci.sci.kun.nl/orgchem/. 9. Division of Organic Chemistry. American Chemical Society. 13 December 1999. 10. Ferguson, Lloyd N. The Modern Structural Theory of Organic Chemistry. London: Prentice-Hall International Inc., 1963. 11. Grant, Karen. Re: Organic Chemistry. E-mail to Jeffrey Schaufeld-emailprotected 12 December 1999. 13. Griffin, Rodger W. Modern Organic Chemistry. New York: The McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1969. 14. Hammett, Louis P. Physical Organic Chemistry. New York: The McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1970. 15. Hendrikson, Cram, and Hammond G. Organic Chemistry: 3rd Edition. New York: The McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1970. 16. History of Organic Chemistry. 11 December 1999. 17. Ingold, C.K. Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1969. 18. Institute of Organic Chemistry. University of Gottingen, Germany. 11 December 1999 http://www.gwdg.de/~ucoc/. 19. Institute of Organic Chemistry. University of Erlangen-Nuremburg. 13 December 1999. 20. Institute of Organic Chemistry. University of Zurich. 14 December 1999 http://www.unizh.ch/oci/persons/kunz.html. 21. Internet Chemistry Resources. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 10 December 1999. 22. IOSB-Prague. Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry. 9 December 1999. 23. Laboratory of Organic Chemistry. Institute of Molecular Chemistry. 11 December 1999 http://orgwww.chem.uva.nl/. 24. Mong, Gary. Re: Chemistry Information. E-mail to Jeffrey Schaufeld-emailprotected 11 December 1999. 25. Morrisson, Robert, Boyd, and Robert N. Organic Chemistry: 4th Edition. London: Allyn, 1983. 26. N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry. 9 December 1999 http://www.ioc.ac.ru/. 27. Nebergall, W.H., Schmidt, Frederic, Holtzclaw, and Henry. Chemistry: 6th Edition London: Pantheon, 1980. 28. Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry. Siberian division of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 13 December 1999. 29. Organic Chemistry Division. 10 December 1999. 30. Organic Chemistry Resources Worldwide. Georgia State University. 12 December 1999. 31. Rusay, Ray J. Re: Organic Chemistry Information. E-mail to Jeffrey Schaufeld-emailprotected 13 December 1999. 32. Science Encyclopedia. London: Dorling Kindersley Limited, 1993. 33. The Canadian Society for Chemistry: Organic Division. 12 December 1999. 34. The Web World of Fundamental Organic Chemistry. 10 December 1999 http://www.dq.fct.unl.pt/qof/intro.html. 35. Turro, Nick J. Re: Organic Project Information. E-mail to Jeffrey Schaufeld-emailprotected 14 December 1999.36. Web-Sters Organic Chemistry. 9 December 1999.

Revolution in physics and chemistry

Introduction Chemistry and physics are among the major subjects studied in the world today. Historically, the revolution of science dates back between the 16th and 17th century. Europe is the mother of all scientific revolution for it laid the foundation of innovative and advanced science.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Revolution in physics and chemistry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The urge to carry out a series of experiments and research led to the initiation and the ultimate breakthrough of chemical and physical revolution by ancient scientists. The chemical revolution led to different discoveries in chemistry opening doors to other scientific inventions in the medical and industrial setups. The following discussion focuses on the scientific revolution of two main sciences; physics and chemistry and its impact. Revolution in physics Different philosophers contributed to the ideologies in chemistry and p hysics. Aristotle was a famous Greek philosopher who first initiated discoveries in physical sciences. The Aristotelian theory describes the earth as the center of gravity and the shape, size, movement or behavior of both living and lifeless objects on the earth’s surface. Additionally, he defines physics as a natural science composed of both living and non-living things. From Aristotle description of the earth as the central attraction of all objects, gravitational theory emerged. In 16th century, Sir Isaac Newton pioneered the discovery of the gravity theory after studying Aristotle’s ideas. Due to the success of the gravitational theory, scientists discovered two other planets, Neptune and Uranus. However, the inability to locate the position hence orbit of Mercury was the main cause of its failure which pushed for a detailed research on gravity. Later corpuscular model by Louis and electromagnetic radiation model by Lorentz explained the law of gravity and emission of electric charges by bodies. Unfortunately, in the 19th century, all the laws became invalid because they violated modern laws on conservation of energy and thermodynamics especially in physics. Although the gravitational theory is no longer applied, its concept has enabled calculation of gravity in the modern science. On the other hand, the impetus theory redefined the physical concept on inertia force as described by Aristotle. The ability of a body to retain its continuous motion despite application of external force underscores the Impetus theory. Similarly, Hipparchan-philoponan theory describes application of force or motion against the gravitational force like throwing of a stone while Avicenna theory describes projectile force. All these ancient theories redefined Aristotle theory, which describes physics in terms of inertia force, impulsive or momentum, and speed (acceleration). Galileo Galilei was a famous physician whose physical invention is still applicable in all mo dern learning institutions. He described and interpreted all experimental facts in physical science leading to the discovery of kinematics as a subject. Therefore, the mechanical and chemical philosophies describe the scientific revolution while Empiricism initiated revolution in physical science.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Revolution in chemistry As the physical revolution was taking part, the chemical revolution was also underway. A number of philosophers and scientist progressively led to the success of chemistry as an area of study. The major scientist who led to success of modern chemistry is Antoine Lavoisier through his presentation of chemical elements. Lavoisier discovered the major elements in chemistry like Oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur. This landmark discovery was in line with the invention of oxygen theory which holds that most chemical compounds consist of different e lements and oxygen is the common element among others. Additionally, Lavoisier described the components of water as oxygen and hydrogen on top of discovering that air consists of gases like nitrogen, oxygen and other trace elements. Due to his description of the chemical nomenclature, there was derivation of different chemical compounds like sulfate and sulfuric acid among others. Using the single theory, Lavoisier described chemical balance which opened the way for stipulating origin and derivation of chemical equations in chemistry. Apart from concentrating on chemicals, Lavoisier researched on physical chemistry and thermodynamic laws, which were part of physical science. Lavoisier’s radical theory describes elements and concept of allotropism in elements. The emergence of diamond and carbon are among Lavoisier’s major discoveries. Unfortunately, most of Lavoisier’s discoveries and theories received rejection and criticisms from fellow chemical scientists. Pr iestly, one of the major scientists declined to acknowledge Lavoisier’s work especially the law on conservation of mass. Despite receiving objections, Lavoisier’s experiments are still applicable in the current world especially in the chemical and laboratory practices. Other great contributors to chemical revolution include Jacob Berzelius who besides writing chemistry books, he drew tables on atomic weights. Additionally, Berzelius gave each chemical element a letter or notation for easier identification. Other chemicals like silicon, selenium, lithium, and vanadium were among his discoveries. Luckily, he did not receive opposition from other scientists during his research. However, he opposed the discovery of chlorine in 1810 by Humphry Davy even though, his opposition ended in 1812 after discovery of iodine.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Revolution in physics and chemistry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides Berzelius, John Dalton was also a chemistry philosopher who discovered the atomic theory. According to Dalton, all chemical elements are composed of particles called atoms and they can neither be created nor destroyed; they can only undergo chemical reactions (changes). Additionally, Dalton researched on the effect of heat or temperature on gases which led to the principles of pressure and expansion of gases or water evaporation. His research on gases like methane, ethylene, carbon dioxide and nitro oxide initiated the development of atomic theory. The Dalton theory is still applicable in contemporary world taught in scientific learning institutions. In addition, Boyle’s law initiated chemical revolution in the 16th century. Robert Boyle’s research on water expansion (freezing), crystals, electricity and color blindness led to the publication of his book the Sceptical chymist, which forms the foundation of advanced chemistry. He defined chemistry a s a science and not an art by describing composition of all substances in chemistry. Impact of revolution in chemistry and physics The scientific revolution involved research on natural, chemical, and physical sciences. However, most scientists who initiated chemical revolution had knowledge on physics. Therefore, the revolution in chemistry and physics happened at the same time during the 16th and 17th century. Consequently, the chemistry and physical revolution initiated industrial revolution in Europe and other western countries. In comparison, chemistry and physics are similar because they all describe the elements of nature either in the physical or chemical form. Currently, inventions in physics and chemistry are applicable in the medical and industrial industries. Conclusion In a recap, the sixteenth and seventeenth century was the age of renascence which defines scientific revolution. Famous scientists like Aristotle, Boyle, Newton, and Dalton led to scientific revolution. B esides other discoveries like in medicine or psychology, there were tremendous inventions in chemical and physical sciences. In physics, there are different theories, which include gravitational, Avicenna, and impetus among others. The theories in chemical revolution include atomic, Dalton and radical theory among others. All the scientific inventions in physics and chemistry are currently applicable in industries and all learning institutions. However, the works of early scientists like Lavoisier received opposition from fellow chemists or physicists hence obstructing adaptation of their discoveries. Chemical and physical revolution was the foundation of industrial revolution. In addition, most industries in food, medical or machinery base their research on elements of chemistry and physics.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Revolution in physics and chemistry was written and submitted by user Preston Nelson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The rise of the qin dynasty Essays

The rise of the qin dynasty Essays The rise of the qin dynasty Essay The rise of the qin dynasty Essay The role/importance of Qin Shi Huang in early China Today China is a great industrial power, its rapid economic growth over the past few decades have been very remarkable. Almost everything is made in China, almost every United States citizen can be seen with at least one consumer item from the country. But this country was not always this great economic power. Long before China became the great power it is today, long before it was even a country, China was secluded from the outside world. Chinese history primarily focused on inner China because the surrounding area contained a very hostile environment. This independence thrust on the Chinese from its seclusion serves to explain how the Chinese developed a unique and independent civilization. Even within China, the country was never a unified state in ancient times. Rather, it was divided into dozens of independent Chinese states. However, after centuries of fghting, seven major kingdoms emerged, the most important being the kingdom of Qin. It was within this kingdom that Wang Ying Chen unified China after years of ruthless fighting. Under this king, China was, for the first time ever, unified under one ruler. When Wang came into power, his title as king was not good enough, so he renamed himself Shih Huang D, which means first emperor. Through his reign, he made China a greater power economically, politically and socially. Before his rule, China was not politically stable, so to avoid political chaos, conquered states could not be referred to as independent nations. Shih Huang Di then divided his empire into thirty six commanderies. These administrative units served well for China, for they made China more organized. And what made this system so unique was that it was different from what previous dynasties had done. Previous dynasties had used loose alliances and federations, which did not do the country well. Moreover, government appointments were no longer based on nepotism but rather on merit. This eliminated any corrupt activity within the government that would Jeopardize the country in any way. The first emperor of China was also responsible for unifying China economically. He standardized units of measurements for weight and measures. Moreover, he standardized the currency. And more importantly, he helped establish an extensive network of roads and canals that facilitated trade and contributed to the economic ell-being of the country. But most of all, under his rule, the Chinese script was unified. This made the communication system of China completely unified. These accomplishments were important in establishing China as a better country. China would not be the same if it were not for Qin Shih Huang. The influence he had over Chinese culture can not be doubted. Outline l. Intro a. China wasnt always as great as it was today b. Ancient times: not unified c. First emperor II. Political influence a. Standardized currency b. Network of roads c. Effect IV. Social influence a. Communication system V. Conclusion

Classification of Classical Criminology Term Paper

Classification of Classical Criminology - Term Paper Example Statistics reveal the grim situation prevalent in political, social, economical, educational, entertainment, and even familial circles. The controversy on treating criminology as an academic stream exists and it is difficult to argue either in favor of it or oppose it. For instance, the issue of capital punishment is raging currently with the proponents and opponents engaged in a war of words in print and electronic media. In this cacophony and confusion, the Human Rights' Commission and their supporters claim that: the death sentence amounts to state or judiciary-sponsored murder, that it does not serve the purpose as a deterrent to potential killers, it does not take into account the basic rights of the dependants of the condemned man for a decent livelihood, and finally, that the state should rather reform the convicts so that they learn to lead a better life in society and atone for his wrongdoing by engaging in social services under the state's dictum. Every civilized society in the world has penal codes and most contain the capital punishments. The civilized society's contention is that obliteration of capital punishment from the statute book will only prod lawbreakers to commit their wanton acts with impunity. The eye-for-eye and tooth-for-tooth kind of justice prevalent in some countries like Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries have succeeded in maintaining a healthy sense of fear of the law among its citizens. So, on the one hand, justice has to be done to the perpetrator of the crime in a way that metes out punishment for the crime and at the same time also leaves him enough scope to transform. Also, the ordinary citizens longing for an orderly peaceful society has the assurance at all times that their security concerns are not compromised while dispensing justice to the criminal. (Criminology). Crime can be broadly classified into two groups of categories.